\(\int \frac {1}{x^7 (1-x^4+x^8)} \, dx\) [357]

Optimal result

Integrand size = 16, antiderivative size = 96 \[ \int \frac {1}{x^7 \left (1-x^4+x^8\right )} \, dx=-\frac {1}{6 x^6}-\frac {1}{2 x^2}+\frac {1}{4} \arctan \left (\sqrt {3}-2 x^2\right )-\frac {1}{4} \arctan \left (\sqrt {3}+2 x^2\right )-\frac {\log \left (1-\sqrt {3} x^2+x^4\right )}{8 \sqrt {3}}+\frac {\log \left (1+\sqrt {3} x^2+x^4\right )}{8 \sqrt {3}} \]

[Out]

-1/6/x^6-1/2/x^2-1/4*arctan(2*x^2-3^(1/2))-1/4*arctan(2*x^2+3^(1/2))-1/24*ln(1+x^4-x^2*3^(1/2))*3^(1/2)+1/24*l
n(1+x^4+x^2*3^(1/2))*3^(1/2)

Rubi [A] (verified)

Time = 0.06 (sec) , antiderivative size = 96, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.00, number of steps used = 13, number of rules used = 10, \(\frac {\text {number of rules}}{\text {integrand size}}\) = 0.625, Rules used = {1373, 1137, 1295, 12, 1141, 1175, 632, 210, 1178, 642} \[ \int \frac {1}{x^7 \left (1-x^4+x^8\right )} \, dx=\frac {1}{4} \arctan \left (\sqrt {3}-2 x^2\right )-\frac {1}{4} \arctan \left (2 x^2+\sqrt {3}\right )-\frac {1}{6 x^6}-\frac {1}{2 x^2}-\frac {\log \left (x^4-\sqrt {3} x^2+1\right )}{8 \sqrt {3}}+\frac {\log \left (x^4+\sqrt {3} x^2+1\right )}{8 \sqrt {3}} \]

[In]

Int[1/(x^7*(1 - x^4 + x^8)),x]

[Out]

-1/6*1/x^6 - 1/(2*x^2) + ArcTan[Sqrt[3] - 2*x^2]/4 - ArcTan[Sqrt[3] + 2*x^2]/4 - Log[1 - Sqrt[3]*x^2 + x^4]/(8
*Sqrt[3]) + Log[1 + Sqrt[3]*x^2 + x^4]/(8*Sqrt[3])

Rule 12

Int[(a_)*(u_), x_Symbol] :> Dist[a, Int[u, x], x] /; FreeQ[a, x] &&  !MatchQ[u, (b_)*(v_) /; FreeQ[b, x]]

Rule 210

Int[((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^2)^(-1), x_Symbol] :> Simp[(-(Rt[-a, 2]*Rt[-b, 2])^(-1))*ArcTan[Rt[-b, 2]*(x/Rt[-a, 2])
], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b}, x] && PosQ[a/b] && (LtQ[a, 0] || LtQ[b, 0])

Rule 632

Int[((a_.) + (b_.)*(x_) + (c_.)*(x_)^2)^(-1), x_Symbol] :> Dist[-2, Subst[Int[1/Simp[b^2 - 4*a*c - x^2, x], x]
, x, b + 2*c*x], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c}, x] && NeQ[b^2 - 4*a*c, 0]

Rule 642

Int[((d_) + (e_.)*(x_))/((a_.) + (b_.)*(x_) + (c_.)*(x_)^2), x_Symbol] :> Simp[d*(Log[RemoveContent[a + b*x +
c*x^2, x]]/b), x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c, d, e}, x] && EqQ[2*c*d - b*e, 0]

Rule 1137

Int[((d_.)*(x_))^(m_)*((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^2 + (c_.)*(x_)^4)^(p_), x_Symbol] :> Simp[(d*x)^(m + 1)*((a + b*x^2 +
c*x^4)^(p + 1)/(a*d*(m + 1))), x] - Dist[1/(a*d^2*(m + 1)), Int[(d*x)^(m + 2)*(b*(m + 2*p + 3) + c*(m + 4*p +
5)*x^2)*(a + b*x^2 + c*x^4)^p, x], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c, d, p}, x] && NeQ[b^2 - 4*a*c, 0] && LtQ[m, -1] && In
tegerQ[2*p] && (IntegerQ[p] || IntegerQ[m])

Rule 1141

Int[(x_)^2/((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^2 + (c_.)*(x_)^4), x_Symbol] :> With[{q = Rt[a/c, 2]}, Dist[1/2, Int[(q + x^2)/(
a + b*x^2 + c*x^4), x], x] - Dist[1/2, Int[(q - x^2)/(a + b*x^2 + c*x^4), x], x]] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c}, x] && Lt
Q[b^2 - 4*a*c, 0] && PosQ[a*c]

Rule 1175

Int[((d_) + (e_.)*(x_)^2)/((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^2 + (c_.)*(x_)^4), x_Symbol] :> With[{q = Rt[2*(d/e) - b/c, 2]},
Dist[e/(2*c), Int[1/Simp[d/e + q*x + x^2, x], x], x] + Dist[e/(2*c), Int[1/Simp[d/e - q*x + x^2, x], x], x]] /
; FreeQ[{a, b, c, d, e}, x] && NeQ[b^2 - 4*a*c, 0] && EqQ[c*d^2 - a*e^2, 0] && (GtQ[2*(d/e) - b/c, 0] || ( !Lt
Q[2*(d/e) - b/c, 0] && EqQ[d - e*Rt[a/c, 2], 0]))

Rule 1178

Int[((d_) + (e_.)*(x_)^2)/((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^2 + (c_.)*(x_)^4), x_Symbol] :> With[{q = Rt[-2*(d/e) - b/c, 2]},
Dist[e/(2*c*q), Int[(q - 2*x)/Simp[d/e + q*x - x^2, x], x], x] + Dist[e/(2*c*q), Int[(q + 2*x)/Simp[d/e - q*x
- x^2, x], x], x]] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c, d, e}, x] && NeQ[b^2 - 4*a*c, 0] && EqQ[c*d^2 - a*e^2, 0] &&  !GtQ[b^2
- 4*a*c, 0]

Rule 1295

Int[((f_.)*(x_))^(m_.)*((d_) + (e_.)*(x_)^2)*((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^2 + (c_.)*(x_)^4)^(p_), x_Symbol] :> Simp[d*(f
*x)^(m + 1)*((a + b*x^2 + c*x^4)^(p + 1)/(a*f*(m + 1))), x] + Dist[1/(a*f^2*(m + 1)), Int[(f*x)^(m + 2)*(a + b
*x^2 + c*x^4)^p*Simp[a*e*(m + 1) - b*d*(m + 2*p + 3) - c*d*(m + 4*p + 5)*x^2, x], x], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c, d,
e, f, p}, x] && NeQ[b^2 - 4*a*c, 0] && LtQ[m, -1] && IntegerQ[2*p] && (IntegerQ[p] || IntegerQ[m])

Rule 1373

Int[(x_)^(m_.)*((a_) + (c_.)*(x_)^(n2_.) + (b_.)*(x_)^(n_))^(p_), x_Symbol] :> With[{k = GCD[m + 1, n]}, Dist[
1/k, Subst[Int[x^((m + 1)/k - 1)*(a + b*x^(n/k) + c*x^(2*(n/k)))^p, x], x, x^k], x] /; k != 1] /; FreeQ[{a, b,
c, p}, x] && EqQ[n2, 2*n] && NeQ[b^2 - 4*a*c, 0] && IGtQ[n, 0] && IntegerQ[m]

Rubi steps \begin{align*} \text {integral}& = \frac {1}{2} \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{x^4 \left (1-x^2+x^4\right )} \, dx,x,x^2\right ) \\ & = -\frac {1}{6 x^6}+\frac {1}{6} \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {3-3 x^2}{x^2 \left (1-x^2+x^4\right )} \, dx,x,x^2\right ) \\ & = -\frac {1}{6 x^6}-\frac {1}{2 x^2}-\frac {1}{6} \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {3 x^2}{1-x^2+x^4} \, dx,x,x^2\right ) \\ & = -\frac {1}{6 x^6}-\frac {1}{2 x^2}-\frac {1}{2} \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {x^2}{1-x^2+x^4} \, dx,x,x^2\right ) \\ & = -\frac {1}{6 x^6}-\frac {1}{2 x^2}+\frac {1}{4} \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1-x^2}{1-x^2+x^4} \, dx,x,x^2\right )-\frac {1}{4} \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1+x^2}{1-x^2+x^4} \, dx,x,x^2\right ) \\ & = -\frac {1}{6 x^6}-\frac {1}{2 x^2}-\frac {1}{8} \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{1-\sqrt {3} x+x^2} \, dx,x,x^2\right )-\frac {1}{8} \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{1+\sqrt {3} x+x^2} \, dx,x,x^2\right )-\frac {\text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {\sqrt {3}+2 x}{-1-\sqrt {3} x-x^2} \, dx,x,x^2\right )}{8 \sqrt {3}}-\frac {\text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {\sqrt {3}-2 x}{-1+\sqrt {3} x-x^2} \, dx,x,x^2\right )}{8 \sqrt {3}} \\ & = -\frac {1}{6 x^6}-\frac {1}{2 x^2}-\frac {\log \left (1-\sqrt {3} x^2+x^4\right )}{8 \sqrt {3}}+\frac {\log \left (1+\sqrt {3} x^2+x^4\right )}{8 \sqrt {3}}+\frac {1}{4} \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{-1-x^2} \, dx,x,-\sqrt {3}+2 x^2\right )+\frac {1}{4} \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{-1-x^2} \, dx,x,\sqrt {3}+2 x^2\right ) \\ & = -\frac {1}{6 x^6}-\frac {1}{2 x^2}+\frac {1}{4} \tan ^{-1}\left (\sqrt {3}-2 x^2\right )-\frac {1}{4} \tan ^{-1}\left (\sqrt {3}+2 x^2\right )-\frac {\log \left (1-\sqrt {3} x^2+x^4\right )}{8 \sqrt {3}}+\frac {\log \left (1+\sqrt {3} x^2+x^4\right )}{8 \sqrt {3}} \\ \end{align*}

Mathematica [C] (verified)

Result contains higher order function than in optimal. Order 9 vs. order 3 in optimal.

Time = 0.02 (sec) , antiderivative size = 56, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.58 \[ \int \frac {1}{x^7 \left (1-x^4+x^8\right )} \, dx=-\frac {1}{6 x^6}-\frac {1}{2 x^2}-\frac {1}{4} \text {RootSum}\left [1-\text {$\#$1}^4+\text {$\#$1}^8\&,\frac {\log (x-\text {$\#$1}) \text {$\#$1}^2}{-1+2 \text {$\#$1}^4}\&\right ] \]

[In]

Integrate[1/(x^7*(1 - x^4 + x^8)),x]

[Out]

-1/6*1/x^6 - 1/(2*x^2) - RootSum[1 - #1^4 + #1^8 & , (Log[x - #1]*#1^2)/(-1 + 2*#1^4) & ]/4

Maple [C] (verified)

Result contains higher order function than in optimal. Order 9 vs. order 3.

Time = 0.09 (sec) , antiderivative size = 46, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.48

method	result	size
risch	\(\frac {-\frac {x^{4}}{2}-\frac {1}{6}}{x^{6}}+\frac {\left (\munderset {\textit {\_R} =\operatorname {RootOf}\left (9 \textit {\_Z}^{4}+3 \textit {\_Z}^{2}+1\right )}{\sum }\textit {\_R} \ln \left (-6 \textit {\_R}^{3}+x^{2}-\textit {\_R} \right )\right )}{4}\)	\(46\)
default	\(-\frac {1}{6 x^{6}}-\frac {1}{2 x^{2}}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\, \left (-\frac {\ln \left (1+x^{4}-x^{2} \sqrt {3}\right )}{2}-\sqrt {3}\, \arctan \left (2 x^{2}-\sqrt {3}\right )\right )}{12}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\, \left (\frac {\ln \left (1+x^{4}+x^{2} \sqrt {3}\right )}{2}-\sqrt {3}\, \arctan \left (2 x^{2}+\sqrt {3}\right )\right )}{12}\)	\(87\)

[In]

int(1/x^7/(x^8-x^4+1),x,method=_RETURNVERBOSE)

[Out]

(-1/2*x^4-1/6)/x^6+1/4*sum(_R*ln(-6*_R^3+x^2-_R),_R=RootOf(9*_Z^4+3*_Z^2+1))

Fricas [C] (verification not implemented)

Result contains complex when optimal does not.

Time = 0.25 (sec) , antiderivative size = 174, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.81 \[ \int \frac {1}{x^7 \left (1-x^4+x^8\right )} \, dx=-\frac {\sqrt {6} x^{6} \sqrt {i \, \sqrt {3} - 1} \log \left (6 \, x^{2} + i \, \sqrt {6} \sqrt {3} \sqrt {i \, \sqrt {3} - 1}\right ) - \sqrt {6} x^{6} \sqrt {i \, \sqrt {3} - 1} \log \left (6 \, x^{2} - i \, \sqrt {6} \sqrt {3} \sqrt {i \, \sqrt {3} - 1}\right ) - \sqrt {6} x^{6} \sqrt {-i \, \sqrt {3} - 1} \log \left (6 \, x^{2} + i \, \sqrt {6} \sqrt {3} \sqrt {-i \, \sqrt {3} - 1}\right ) + \sqrt {6} x^{6} \sqrt {-i \, \sqrt {3} - 1} \log \left (6 \, x^{2} - i \, \sqrt {6} \sqrt {3} \sqrt {-i \, \sqrt {3} - 1}\right ) + 12 \, x^{4} + 4}{24 \, x^{6}} \]

[In]

integrate(1/x^7/(x^8-x^4+1),x, algorithm="fricas")

[Out]

-1/24*(sqrt(6)*x^6*sqrt(I*sqrt(3) - 1)*log(6*x^2 + I*sqrt(6)*sqrt(3)*sqrt(I*sqrt(3) - 1)) - sqrt(6)*x^6*sqrt(I
*sqrt(3) - 1)*log(6*x^2 - I*sqrt(6)*sqrt(3)*sqrt(I*sqrt(3) - 1)) - sqrt(6)*x^6*sqrt(-I*sqrt(3) - 1)*log(6*x^2
+ I*sqrt(6)*sqrt(3)*sqrt(-I*sqrt(3) - 1)) + sqrt(6)*x^6*sqrt(-I*sqrt(3) - 1)*log(6*x^2 - I*sqrt(6)*sqrt(3)*sqr
t(-I*sqrt(3) - 1)) + 12*x^4 + 4)/x^6

Sympy [A] (verification not implemented)

Time = 0.12 (sec) , antiderivative size = 83, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.86 \[ \int \frac {1}{x^7 \left (1-x^4+x^8\right )} \, dx=- \frac {\sqrt {3} \log {\left (x^{4} - \sqrt {3} x^{2} + 1 \right )}}{24} + \frac {\sqrt {3} \log {\left (x^{4} + \sqrt {3} x^{2} + 1 \right )}}{24} - \frac {\operatorname {atan}{\left (2 x^{2} - \sqrt {3} \right )}}{4} - \frac {\operatorname {atan}{\left (2 x^{2} + \sqrt {3} \right )}}{4} + \frac {- 3 x^{4} - 1}{6 x^{6}} \]

[In]

integrate(1/x**7/(x**8-x**4+1),x)

[Out]

-sqrt(3)*log(x**4 - sqrt(3)*x**2 + 1)/24 + sqrt(3)*log(x**4 + sqrt(3)*x**2 + 1)/24 - atan(2*x**2 - sqrt(3))/4
- atan(2*x**2 + sqrt(3))/4 + (-3*x**4 - 1)/(6*x**6)

Maxima [F]

\[ \int \frac {1}{x^7 \left (1-x^4+x^8\right )} \, dx=\int { \frac {1}{{\left (x^{8} - x^{4} + 1\right )} x^{7}} \,d x } \]

[In]

integrate(1/x^7/(x^8-x^4+1),x, algorithm="maxima")

[Out]

-1/6*(3*x^4 + 1)/x^6 - integrate(x^5/(x^8 - x^4 + 1), x)

Giac [A] (verification not implemented)

none

Time = 0.32 (sec) , antiderivative size = 56, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.58 \[ \int \frac {1}{x^7 \left (1-x^4+x^8\right )} \, dx=-\frac {1}{12} \, \sqrt {3} x^{4} \log \left (x^{4} + \sqrt {3} x^{2} + 1\right ) + \frac {1}{12} \, \sqrt {3} x^{4} \log \left (x^{4} - \sqrt {3} x^{2} + 1\right ) - \frac {3 \, x^{4} + 1}{6 \, x^{6}} \]

[In]

integrate(1/x^7/(x^8-x^4+1),x, algorithm="giac")

[Out]

-1/12*sqrt(3)*x^4*log(x^4 + sqrt(3)*x^2 + 1) + 1/12*sqrt(3)*x^4*log(x^4 - sqrt(3)*x^2 + 1) - 1/6*(3*x^4 + 1)/x
^6

Mupad [B] (verification not implemented)

Time = 0.03 (sec) , antiderivative size = 63, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.66 \[ \int \frac {1}{x^7 \left (1-x^4+x^8\right )} \, dx=\mathrm {atan}\left (\frac {2\,x^2}{-1+\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}\right )\,\left (\frac {1}{4}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{12}\right )+\mathrm {atan}\left (\frac {2\,x^2}{1+\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}\right )\,\left (-\frac {1}{4}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{12}\right )-\frac {\frac {x^4}{2}+\frac {1}{6}}{x^6} \]

[In]

int(1/(x^7*(x^8 - x^4 + 1)),x)

[Out]

atan((2*x^2)/(3^(1/2)*1i - 1))*((3^(1/2)*1i)/12 + 1/4) + atan((2*x^2)/(3^(1/2)*1i + 1))*((3^(1/2)*1i)/12 - 1/4
) - (x^4/2 + 1/6)/x^6